We suggest a method for constructing and studying models of the way we use words; and we use the word ‘concept’ metaphorically in discussing meaning. ‘Exact concepts’ are the sort envisaged in pure mathematics, while ‘inexact concepts’ are rampant in everyday life. This distinction is complicated by the fact that whenever a human being interacts with mathematics, it becomes part of his ordinary experience, and therefore subject to inexactness. Ordinary logic is much used in mathematics, but applications to everyday life have been criticized because our normal language habits seem so different.

(Goguen, 1969, p. 325)

Methodology

 
Initiated by the pioneer work of [1] on fuzzy logic (FL), almost fifty years later, FL-based inference systems (FL-ISs) have become one of the most famous fields of FL. The main reason of the latter is the ability of FL to incorporate human’s expert knowledge with its nuances, as well as to express the behavior of the system in an interpretable way for humans.
In this way, innovative modelling/analysis techniques are used in the A/B/C-TEACH modelling module (see Menu Item Arquitecture) by incorporating hybrid and innovative processing techniques from the fields of fuzzy set theory, neuro-fuzzy modelling, intuitionistic fuzzy systems, dynamic nonlinear analysis, and affective computing. More specifically:
 

 (i) The FuzzyQoI model [2], which incorporates LMS Moodle metrics
to estimate the users’ Quality of Interaction (QoI) using fuzzy logic.

 

(ii) The Collaboration/Metacognition-Adaptive Fuzzy Model (C/M-AFM) [3], which supports the advancement of online collaborative skills, employing a neurofuzzy structure to model the individual collaborative strategy across sessions of peers’ collaboration, i.e., at the micro-level. Using this knowledge, the C/M-AFM estimates the value of a feedback indicator concerning the quality of the individual collaborative activity (quality of collaboration–QoC) in a forthcoming session of collaboration.

 

(iii) The Intuitionistic Fuzzy Inference System (IFIS) [4], where the expert’s hesitancy is incorporated within the construction of the fuzzy rule base, producing more reliable estimation of peers’ QoC, when considering the peers’ turn-taking (TT), action types (AT), entity types (ET), balance (B), productivity (P) and cognitive rate (CR).

 (iv) The codding for the dynamic nonlinear analysis
of the collaborative TT [5] per contribution type [6] among peers’ interaction.
 

and (v) Block-diagram of an emotion recognition process using EMOTIV EPOC Headset
and EEG analysis [7].

Indicative References

[1] Zadeh, L.A. (1965). Fuzzy sets. Information and Control, 8, 338-353.
[2] Dias, S.B., & Diniz, J.A. (2013). FuzzyQoI Model: A fuzzy logic-based modelling of users' quality of interaction with a learning management system under blended learning. Computers & Education, 69, 38-59. DOI:10.1016/j.compedu.2013.06.016
[3] Hadjileontiadou, S.J., & Hadjileontiadis, L.J. (2005). A new trend in environmental education based on the neurofuzzy modelling of collaborative interactions. World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education, 4(1), 53-56.
[4] Hadjileontiadou, S., Nikolaidou, G., & Hadjileontiadis, L. (2013). Intuitionistic Fuzzy Logic-Based Approach of Intrinsic Motivation in CSCL Settings during Illusionary Sense of Control. In Intelligent and Adaptive Educational-Learning Systems (pp. 443-468). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
[5] Hadjileontiadou, S.J., & Hadjileontiadis, L.J. (2004). A complexity analysis of collaborative turn-taking patterns that evolve during computer-mediated collaboration. World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education, 3(1), 155-158.
[6] Reeve, J., & Tseng, C.-M. (2011). Agency as a fourth aspect of students’ engagement during learning activities. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 36(4), 257–267.
[7] Petrantonakis P.C., & Hadjileontiadis, L. J. (2013). EEG-Based Emotion Recognition Using Advanced Signal Processing Techniques, A. Konar and A. Chakraborty (Eds.), in Advances in Emotion Recognition, New York, NY: Wiley-Blackwell Press.
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